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Data Analysis and Visualization Tutorials

How to Calculate Summary Statistics in R DataFrame

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To calculate summary statistics in R, you can use two different function in R. The following methods show how you can do it with syntax. Method 1: Use summary() Function summary(data) Method 2: Use summarize() Function from dplyr Package library(dplyr) summary <- df %>% summarize( Mean = mean(colum1), Median = median(colum1), Min = min(colum1), Max = max(colum1), StdDev = sd(colum1), Variance = var(colum1), ) The following examples show how use this methods to calculate summary statistics in R.
2 min Read 1

How to Calculate Z-Scores in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To calculate the Z-score in R, you can use scale() function or calculate manually using mean() and sd() function. The following methods show how you can do it with syntax. Method 1: Use scale() Function scale(data) Method 2: Use mean() and sd() Function (data - mean(data))/sd(data) The following examples show how to calculate Z-score in R. Use scale() Function Let see how we can calculate Z-score for one of the column of dataframe using scale() function:
2 min Read 0

How to Create a Three-Way Table in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To create a three-way table in R, you can use ftable() function along with xtabs() function. The following method shows how you can do it with syntax. Method 1: Use ftable() and xtabs() Function tab <- xtabs(~ column1 + column2 + column3, data=df) ftable(tab) The following example shows how to create three-way table using ftable() and xtabs() function in R. Using ftable() and xtabs() Function Let’s see how we can use ftable() and xtabs() function in R:
1 min Read 0

How to Create a Two Way Table in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To create two-way table in R, you can use table() function. The following method shows how you can do it with syntax. Method 1: Use table() Function table(vector1,vector2) The following example shows how to create two-way table in R. Using table() Function Let’s see how we can use table() function to create two-way table in R: # Create matrix data=matrix(c(78,89,85,84,81,79,77,85),ncol=2) # Create table Machine_info <- table(data) # Show table print(Machine_info) Output:
1 min Read 0

How to Find the P-value of Correlation Coefficient in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To find the P-value of correlation coefficient in R, you can use cor.test() function in R. The following method shows how you can do it with syntax. Method 1: Use cor.test() Function cor.test(df$column1,df$column2) The following example shows how to find P-value of correlation coefficient in R using cor.test() function. Using cor.test() Function Let’s see how we can use cor.test() function in R: # Create data frame df <- data.frame(Pressure1=c(78.2, 88.2, 71.
1 min Read 0

How to Perform Exploratory Data Analysis in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
Exploratory Data Analysis is an essential step in understanding your dataset’s structure, relationships, and potential issues.To perform Exploratory Data Analysis you can use dplyr, ggplot2 and summarytools package. Follow below steps to perform exploratory data analysis in R. Step 1: Load dataset First we need to import necessary packages and load dataset: library(tidyverse) # Load diamonds dataset data(diamonds) Here we load diamond dataset from tidyverse package. Step 2: Summarize the data Use summary() function to summarize the data:
2 min Read 1

How to Perform Univariate Analysis in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
Univariate analysis involves summarizing and visualizing a single variable in a dataset. This involves calculating statistical values, calculate frequency table and plotting charts. The following method shows how you can do it with syntax. Method 1: Calculate Statistical Values # Calculate mean mean(df$column) # Calculate median median(df$column) # Calculate difference between max and min value max(df$column)-min(df$column) # Calculate IQR IQR(df$column) # Calculate standard deviation sd(df$column) Method: Create Frequency Table table(df$column) Method: Plotting Chart
2 min Read 1

A Complete Guide to the Iris Dataset in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
The iris dataset is built-in datset in R, it has data on 150 iris flowers, with measurements for four features: sepal length, sepal width, petal length, and petal width. In this article we see how to load, explore, summarize and visualize iris dataset in R. Load the Iris Dataset To load the iris dataset we use data() function: # Load the iris dataset data(iris) Let see how we can get first six rows from iris dataset:
3 min Read 1

A Complete Guide to the mtcars Dataset in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
The mtcars dataset is a built-in dataset in R that contains data on the design and performance of various car models. In this article explains how to load, explore, summarize and visualize the mtcars dataset in R. Load the mtcars Dataset To load the mtcars dataset we use data() function: # Load dataset data(mtcars) Let see how we can get first six rows from mtcars dataset: # Get first six rows head(mtcars) The below output shows first six rows from mtcars dataset.
3 min Read 2

How to Calculate Interquartile Range in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To calculate the interquartile range in R, you can use IQR() function.This interquartile range gives range between first quartile and third quartile of a dataset. The following method shows how you can do it with syntax. Method: Use IQR() Function IQR(data) The following example shows how to calculate interquartile range using IQR() in R. Use IQR() to Calculate Interquartile Range for Dataset Let’s see how we can use IQR() function to calculate interquartile range:
1 min Read 0

How to Calculate Levenshtein Distance in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To calculate levenshtein distance in R, you can use stringdist() function from stringdist package.The Levenshtein distance is distance between two strings is the minimum number of single-character edits required to turn one word into the other. The following example shows how you can do it with syntax. Method: Use stringdist() Function library(stringdist) stringdist(string1, string2, method = "lv") The following example shows how to calculate levenshtein distance in R. Use stringdist() Function to Calculate Levenshtein Distance Let’s see how we can calculate levenshtein distance between strings.
1 min Read 0

How to Calculate Mahalanobis Distance in R

  • R-PROGRAMMING
To calculate mahalanobis distance in R, you can use mahalanobis() function from stats package. The Mahalanobis distance is the distance between two points in a multivariate space. The following method shows how you can do it with syntax. Method: Use mahalanobis() Function mahalanobis(df, colMeans(df), cov(df)) colMeans(df): Mean vector cov(df): Covariance matrix The following example shows how to calculate mahalanobis distance in R. Use mahalanobis() to Calculate Mahalanobis Distance Let’s see how to calculate mahalanobis distance of data frame:
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